Pneumonia- Viêm Phổi
Pneumonia: viêm phổi
1/ Giải phẫu đường hô hấp dưới:
Hình minh họa cấu trúc giải phẫu đường hô hấp dưới
Intralobular bronchiole: tiểu phế quản trong tiểu thùy
Smooth muscle: cơ trơn
Alveolus: phế nang-> plural: alveoli
Terminal bronchiole: tiểu phế quản tận
Alveolar duct/sac: ống/túi phế nang
2/ Triệu chứng:
Hình ảnh minh họa bệnh nhân viêm phổi
Chest pain: đau ngực
Fever, sweating: sốt, vả mồ hôi
Shortness of breath: khó thở
Shaking chills: sốt lạnh run
Cough with phlegm: ho có đàm
Loss of appetite: không ngon miệng
Fatigue: mệt mỏi
Confusion: lẫn lộn
Headache: đau đầu
3/ Phân loại, nguyên nhân:
a/ Community- acquired pneumonia: viêm phổi cộng đồng
b/ Hospital- acquired pneumonia: viêm phổi bệnh viện
c/ Healthcare- acquired pneumonia: viêm phổi do chăm sóc y tế
d/ Aspiration pneumonia: viêm phổi hít
Viêm phổi có thể do các tác nhân sau:
Bacteria: vi khuẩn
Viruses: vi rút
Fungi: nấm
Parasites: kí sinh trùng
4/ Yếu tố nguy cơ:
Cigarette smoking: hút thuốc lá
Diabetes mellitus: đái tháo đường
Heart diseases: bệnh tim
Liver cirrhosis: xơ gan
Cerebral palsy: liệt não(dễ gây viêm phổi hít)
Chronic pulmonary diseases: bệnh phổi mãn tính(asthma: hen, COPD: bệnh tắc nghẽn phổi mãn tính)
Surgery, trauma: phẫu thuật, chấn thương
Living in nursing home: sống trong viện dưỡng lão
Weakned immune system: hệ miễn dịch suy yếu(AIDS, thuốc, độc chất,…)
5/ Chẩn đoán:
Khám:
Fine crackle rales: ran nổ
Coarse crackle rales: ran ẩm
Wheezing: ran ngáy
Decreased vesicular sounds : rì rào phế nang giảm
Cận lâm sàng:
Chest X rays: x quang ngực
Blood tests: xét nghiệm máu
Arteral blood gases: khí máu động mạch
CT scan: cắt lớp vi tính
Pleural fluid culture: cấy dịch màng phổi
Sputum tests: xét nghiệm đàm mủ
Bronchoscopy: nội soi phế quản
Pulse oximetry: đo độ bão hòa oxy(SpO2)
Hình ảnh minh họa nội soi phế quản
6/ Điều trị:
Antibiotics: kháng sinh
Antiviral drugs: thuốc kháng vi rút
Drinks plenty water, fluids: uống nhiều nước, dịch
Get lots of rest: nghỉ ngơi nhiều
Controling fever: hạ sốt (dùng các thuốc: aspirin, acetaminophen, NSAIDS,…)
Nếu các bạn thấy hay và bổ ích thì đừng quên chia sẻ nhé!
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